FAK activity sustains intrinsic and acquired ovarian cancer resistance to platinum chemotherapy.

Gene copy number alterations, tumor cell stemness, and the development of platinum chemotherapy resistance contribute to high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) recurrence. Stem phenotypes involving Wnt-β-catenin, aldehyde dehydrogenase activities, intrinsic platinum resistance, and tumorsphere formation are here associated with spontaneous gains in Kras, Myc and FAK (KMF) genes in a new aggressive murine model of ovarian cancer. Adhesion-independent FAK signaling sustained KMF and human tumorsphere proliferation as well as resistance to cisplatin cytotoxicity. Platinum-resistant tumorspheres can acquire a dependence on FAK for growth. Accordingly, increased FAK tyrosine phosphorylation was observed within HGSOC patient tumors surviving neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Combining a FAK inhibitor with platinum overcame chemoresistance and triggered cell apoptosis. FAK transcriptomic analyses across knockout and reconstituted cells identified 135 targets, elevated in HGSOC, that were regulated by FAK activity and β-catenin including Myc, pluripotency and DNA repair genes. These studies reveal an oncogenic FAK signaling role supporting chemoresistance

Fonction de la Nétrine-1 dans la reprogrammation cellulaire et la pluripotence

Pluripotency is the ability of embryonic epiblast cells to self-renew and to give rise to all somatic cells as well as germ cells. Somatic cells can also be reprogrammed toward pluripotency, opening new avenues for stem cell based therapies in the treatment of degenerative diseases. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms, and in particular signaling pathways that control pluripotency is crucial to improve our understanding of early embryogenesis and the use of iPSC (inducible Pluripotent Stem Cell) in regenerative medicine.Herein, I provide the first description of Netrin-1 as a regulator of reprogramming and pluripotency. Netrin-1 and its receptors are present in many cell types and are engaged in a variety of cellular processes beyond its initial characterization in the neuronal system. In the first part, I contributed to explore how Netrin-1 prevents apoptosis mediated by its dependence receptor DCC (Deleted in Colon Carcinoma) during reprogramming. In the second part, I dissected the functions and regulation of this pathway in pluripotency maintenance and in lineage commitmentLa pluripotence est la capacité d'une cellule à s'auto-renouveler et à donner toutes les cellules somatiques ainsi que les cellules germinales. Les cellules pluripotentes peuvent être aussi reprogrammées à partir de cellules somatiques, ouvrant ainsi de nouvelles opportunités pour l'utilisation thérapeutique des cellules souches dans le traitement des maladies dégénératives. La connaissance des mécanismes moléculaires, en particulier des voix de signalisation qui contrôlent la pluripotence, est cruciale pour l'amélioration de notre compréhension de l'embryogenèse précoce et l'utilisation des iPSC (cellules souches pluripotentes induites) dans la médicine régénérative. Ici, je donne la première description de la Nétrine-1 en tant que régulateur de la reprogrammation et de la pluripotence. La Nétrine-1 et ses récepteurs ont été initialement caractérisés dans le système neuronal, mais il a aussi été montré qu'ils étaient exprimés dans différents types cellulaires et impliqués dans divers processus. Dans la première partie, j'ai contribué à explorer comment Nétrine-1 empêche l'apoptose médiée par son récepteur à dépendance DCC (Deleted in Colon Carcinoma) pendant la reprogrammation. Dans la deuxième partie, j'ai disséqué les fonctions et la régulation de cette voie dans le maintien de la pluripotence et dans l'engagement des lignage

Netrin-1 promotes naive pluripotency through Neo1 and Unc5b co-regulation of Wnt and MAPK signalling

Netrin-1, via precise Neo1/Unc5B stoichiometry, promotes naive pluripotency, embryonic stem cell self-renewal in combination with leukaemia inhibitory factor, and the formation of the mouse epiblast in vivo. In mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), chemical blockade of Gsk3 alpha/beta and Mek1/2 (2i) instructs a self-renewing ground state whose endogenous inducers are unknown. Here we show that the axon guidance cue Netrin-1 promotes naive pluripotency by triggering profound signalling, transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in mESCs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Netrin-1 can substitute for blockade of Gsk3 alpha/beta and Mek1/2 to sustain self-renewal of mESCs in combination with leukaemia inhibitory factor and regulates the formation of the mouse pluripotent blastocyst. Mechanistically, we reveal how Netrin-1 and the balance of its receptors Neo1 and Unc5B co-regulate Wnt and MAPK pathways in both mouse and human ESCs. Netrin-1 induces Fak kinase to inactivate Gsk3 alpha/beta and stabilize beta-catenin while increasing the phosphatase activity of a Ppp2r2c-containing Pp2a complex to reduce Erk1/2 activity. Collectively, this work identifies Netrin-1 as a regulator of pluripotency and reveals that it mediates different effects in mESCs depending on its receptor dosage, opening perspectives for balancing self-renewal and lineage commitment

FAK activity sustains intrinsic and acquired ovarian cancer resistance to platinum chemotherapy.

Gene copy number alterations, tumor cell stemness, and the development of platinum chemotherapy resistance contribute to high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) recurrence. Stem phenotypes involving Wnt-β-catenin, aldehyde dehydrogenase activities, intrinsic platinum resistance, and tumorsphere formation are here associated with spontaneous gains in Kras, Myc and FAK (KMF) genes in a new aggressive murine model of ovarian cancer. Adhesion-independent FAK signaling sustained KMF and human tumorsphere proliferation as well as resistance to cisplatin cytotoxicity. Platinum-resistant tumorspheres can acquire a dependence on FAK for growth. Accordingly, increased FAK tyrosine phosphorylation was observed within HGSOC patient tumors surviving neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Combining a FAK inhibitor with platinum overcame chemoresistance and triggered cell apoptosis. FAK transcriptomic analyses across knockout and reconstituted cells identified 135 targets, elevated in HGSOC, that were regulated by FAK activity and β-catenin including Myc, pluripotency and DNA repair genes. These studies reveal an oncogenic FAK signaling role supporting chemoresistance